eMeasure Title

Ischemic Vascular Disease (IVD): Use of Aspirin or Another Antiplatelet

eMeasure Identifier (Measure Authoring Tool) 164 eMeasure Version number 5.2.000
NQF Number 0068 GUID 0713ea8f-0e5b-4099-8c7c-dd677280398f
Measurement Period January 1, 20XX through December 31, 20XX
Measure Steward National Committee for Quality Assurance
Measure Developer National Committee for Quality Assurance
Endorsed By National Quality Forum
Description
Percentage of patients 18 years of age and older who were diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in the 12 months prior to the measurement period, or who had an active diagnosis of ischemic vascular disease (IVD) during the measurement period, and who had documentation of use of aspirin or another antiplatelet during the measurement period.
Copyright
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CPT(R) contained in the Measure specifications is copyright 2004-2015 American Medical Association. LOINC(R) copyright 2004-2015 Regenstrief Institute, Inc. This material contains SNOMED Clinical Terms(R) (SNOMED CT[R]) copyright 2004-2015 International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation. ICD-10 copyright 2015 World Health Organization. All Rights Reserved.
Disclaimer
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Measure Scoring Proportion
Measure Type Process
Stratification
None
Risk Adjustment
None
Rate Aggregation
None
Rationale
Cardiovascular disease, including stroke, is the leading cause of death in the United States. More than 85 million American adults have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. Specifically, more than 15 million adults (20 years and older) have coronary heart disease (CHD), over 8 million adults have angina, more than 7 million adults have had a myocardial infarction (MI), over 6 million adults have had a stroke, and nearly 7 million adults 40 years of age and older have peripheral artery disease (Mozaffarian et al., 2015). It is estimated that by 2030 more than 43 percent of Americans will have a form of cardiovascular disease (Heidenreich et al., 2011). 

In 2011, the total cost of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the United States was estimated to be $320 billion. This total includes direct costs such as the cost of physicians and other health professionals, hospital services, prescribed medications and home health care, as well as indirect costs due to loss of productivity from premature mortality (Mozaffarian et al., 2015). By 2030, direct medical costs for cardiovascular disease are projected to increase to nearly $918 billion (Heidenreich, 2011).

Antiplatelet medications, such as aspirin and clopidogrel, are drugs that inhibit platelets from clumping together and forming clots. Their use in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events is well established.  In patients who are at high risk because they already have occlusive cardiovascular disease, long-term antiplatelet therapy reduces the yearly risk of serious vascular events (MI, stroke, death) by about twenty-five percent (Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration, 1994; 2002; 2009). A more recent systematic review of the literature confirmed the benefits of antiplatelet therapy in reducing death from cardiovascular causes, MI, or stroke (Cheng, 2013). Antiplatelet agents also have a beneficial effect in reducing all-cause mortality and fatal cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral arterial disease (Wong et al., 2011).
Clinical Recommendation Statement
AHA/ACCF SECONDARY PREVENTION AND RISK REDUCTION THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH CORONARY AND OTHER ATHEROSCLEROTIC VASCULAR DISEASE: 2011 UPDATE:

- Aspirin 75-162 mg daily is recommended in all patients with coronary artery disease unless contraindicated. (Level of Evidence: A) Clopidogrel 75 mg daily is recommended as an alternative for patients who are intolerant of or allergic to aspirin. (Level of Evidence: B) Class I

- A P2Y12 receptor antagonist in combination with aspirin is indicated in patients after ACS or PCI with stent placement. (Level of Evidence: A) For patients receiving a bare-metal stent or drug-eluting stent during PCI for ACS, clopidogrel 75 mg daily, prasugrel 10 mg daily, or ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily should be given for at least 12 months. (Level of Evidence: A) Class I

- For patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, aspirin should be started within 6 hours after surgery to reduce saphenous vein graft closure. Dosing regimens ranging from 100 to 325 mg daily for 1 year appear to be efficacious.  (Level of Evidence: A) Class I

- In patients with extracranial carotid or vertebral atherosclerosis who have had ischemic stroke or TIA, treatment with aspirin alone (75-325 mg daily), clopidogrel alone (75 mg daily), or the combination of aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole (25 mg and 200 mg twice daily, respectively) should be started and continued.  (Level of Evidence: B) Class I

- For patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease of the lower extremity, antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (75-325 mg daily) or clopidogrel (75 mg daily) should be started and continued.  (Level of Evidence: A) Class I

- Antiplatelet therapy is recommended in preference to anticoagulant therapy with warfarin or other vitamin K antagonists to treat patients with atherosclerosis. (Level of Evidence: A) Class I

GUIDELINES FOR THE PREVENTION OF STROKE IN PATIENTS WITH STROKE AND TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK: 2014:

- For patients with noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or TIA, the use of antiplatelet agents rather than oral anticoagulation is recommended to reduce the risk of recurrent stroke and other cardiovascular events (Class I; Level of Evidence A).

-  Aspirin (50-325 mg/d) monotherapy (Class I; Level of Evidence A) or the combination of aspirin 25 mg and extended-release dipyridamole 200 mg twice daily (Class I; Level of Evidence B) is indicated as initial therapy after TIA or ischemic stroke for prevention of future stroke. (Revised recommendation)

- Clopidogrel (75 mg) monotherapy is a reasonable option for secondary prevention of stroke in place of aspirin or combination aspirin/dipyridamole (Class IIa; Level of Evidence B). This recommendation also applies to patients who are allergic to aspirin.

- For patients with noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or TIA, the use of antiplatelet agents rather than oral anticoagulation is recommended to reduce the risk of recurrent stroke and other cardiovascular events (Class I; Level of Evidence A).
Improvement Notation
Higher score indicates better quality
Reference
Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy. I. Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ. 1994;308:81-106.
Reference
Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71-86.
Reference
Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) Collaboration; Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, Buring J, Hennekens C, Kearney P, Meade T, Patrono C, Roncaglioni MC, Zanchetti A. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta analysis of individual participant data from randomized trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1849-1860.
Reference
Cheng JW. Updates in antiplatelet agents used in cardiovascular diseases. J Cardiovas Pharmacol Ther. 2013;18(6):514-524.
Reference
Heidenreich, P.A., J.G. Trogdon, O.A. Khavjou, et al. 2011. "Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association." Circulation.123:933-944.
Reference
Mozaffarian, D., E.J. Benjamin, A.S. Go, et al. 2015. "Heart disease and stroke statistics 2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association." Circulation. 131:e29-e322. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152
Reference
Wong PF, Chong LY, Mikhailidis DP, Robless P, Stansby G. Antiplatelet agents for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD001272. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001272.pub2.
Reference
Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, Braun LT, Creager MA, Franklin BA, Gibbons RJ, Grundy SM, Hiratzka LF, Jones DW, Lloyd-Jones DM, Minissian M, Mosca L, Peterson ED, Sacco RL, Spertus J, Stein JH, Taubert KA. AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2011;124: 00-00.
Reference
Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, Bravata DM, Chimowitz MI, Ezekowitz MD, Fang MC, Fisher M, Furie KL, Heck DV, Johnston SC, Kasner SE, Kittner SJ, Mitchell PH, Rich MW, Richardson D, Schwamm LH, Wilson JA; on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45:2160-2236.
Definition
None
Guidance
None
Transmission Format
TBD
Initial Population
Patients 18 years of age and older with a visit during the measurement period who had an AMI, CABG, or PCI during the 12 months prior to the measurement year or who had a diagnosis of IVD overlapping the measurement year 
Denominator
Equals Initial Population
Denominator Exclusions
Patients who had documentation of use of anticoagulant medications overlapping the measurement year
Numerator
Patients who had an active medication of aspirin or another antiplatelet during the measurement year
Numerator Exclusions
Not Applicable
Denominator Exceptions
None
Supplemental Data Elements
For every patient evaluated by this measure also identify payer, race, ethnicity and sex

Table of Contents


Population Criteria

Data Criteria (QDM Variables)

Data Criteria (QDM Data Elements)

Supplemental Data Elements

Risk Adjustment Variables


Measure Set
None